The presence of smaller or larger objects affects our perception of size. This deception was discovered by the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus. If two circles of the same diameter are surrounded by larger and smaller circles, they appear to be different in size. This illusion is named after the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo. The angled lines cause our brain to recognise the upper line as slightly smaller than the lower one. The converging oblique lines distort our perception of identical horizontal lines. The Ponzo Illusion is similar to the first example. The German psychologist Franz Carl Müller-Lyer first published this illusion in work on fifteen geometric illusions. The horizontal lines have the same length, but the arrows inward or outward confuse the brain because the horizontal lines do not seem to be the same size. One of the simplest illusions is the Müller-Lyer illusion. Since that first publication, thousands of books and journal articles have been written on the topic. Scientists have systematically studied optical illusions since 1855, the year when the German psychologist Joseph Oppel published an article on the subject. Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Source: Pakhnyushchyy). To realise this perfect geometry, the architects Ictinus and Callicrates have curved almost every line in the design and created the illusion of straight lines and geometric perfection. The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens is admired for its architectural perfection. Optical refinements to simulate geometric perfection are common in Doric Greek temple architecture. Ancient Greek architects formed stone pillars in a gentle curve with their base slightly wider than the top, so that they seem perfectly straight. Optical illusions are also deliberately introduced to avoid perceptual errors. Roads must be designed so that visual information is correctly understood by the driver to reduce the likelihood of accidents. Another application can be found in traffic engineering. Engineers design these instruments, so there is no misunderstanding how to interpret the information they display. For example, factory control rooms contain many complicated dials and displays that help operators make correct decisions. The study of these illusions also has practical implications. Psychologists have studied the nature of optical illusions to understand how our brain is cheating itself. This anecdote is examples of illusions as we experience them in everyday life. After your train finally leaves, you look through the back window, and it seems like the tracks physically meet in the distance, although you know with certainty that they are perfectly parallel to each other. You soon realise that in reality, the neighbouring wagons are moving. You look out the window and believe that the train is moving.
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